UnivColl International Multidisciplinary Research Journal

The study conceptually explores how geographical factors influence the socioeconomic development of Bihar, a state located in eastern India and marked by distinct physiographic, climatic, and demographic features. Bihar’s geographic setting— bounded by Nepal, West Bengal, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh—shapes its economic activities, agricultural productivity, and regional disparities. The Ganga river system, fertile alluvial plains, and monsoon-dependent climate make agriculture the primary livelihood, though recurrent floods and droughts hinder stability. In addition, demographic pressure, uneven infrastructure, and limited industrial diversification reinforce spatial inequality. This research highlights the interplay of topography, hydrology, population density, and resource distribution as determinants of Bihar’s economic structure and human development. The analysis integrates spatial, environmental, and policy perspectives to explain how geography can act as both a catalyst and a constraint in Bihar’s growth trajectory. It further outlines a conceptual framework linking geographical variables with socio-economic indicators to guide sustainable and inclusive development policies tailored to regional diversity.